Download our mobile app for on-the-go access to the Jewish Virtual Library, 1998 - 2023 American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. In 1935, as part of Germany's rearming programs, Kappler was called up to serve in the Wehrmacht. He later married Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with him, before marrying him at a prison ceremony in 1972. As Rome fell to Allied forces, Kappler unsuccessfully tried to seek refuge in the Vatican, but he was arrested by British authorities in 1945 and later turned over to the Italian government in 1947. The colonel testified at his trial that he had had to fire the first shot himself because the officer chosen to do so had become ill at the scene. Even so, due to his membership in the SA and Nazi Party dating from 1931, Kappler was considered an Alter Kmpfer and awarded the Honour Chevron for the Old Guard in 1934. She defended her husbands shooting of 335 Italian Jews and non-Jews in 1941 in reprisal for a partisan attack on Romes SS headquarters, saying he was acting under orders. Berlin directed him to have 10 times as many Italians shot in retaliation. SOLTAU, West Germany, Feb. 9 (Reuters)Herbert Kappler; a_convicted Nazi war criminal, died of stomach cancer here today, six months after- a daring escape from a Rome military hospital. Occasionally the digitization process introduces transcription errors or other problems; we are continuing to work to improve these archived versions. In practice, refusal to obey orders during war is not possible. She declined to give details of the escape, saying these would appear in a mass-circulation magazine this week. This function has been disabled for WW2 Gravestone. Despite this O'Flaherty assisted in helping members of Kapplers family in escaping from Rome at Liberation. Mrs. Kappler told reporters: The more they hate Herbert Kappler, the more love him. Annalise Kappler, wife of Herbert Kappler, lieutenant Colonel SS German and Paolo Giachini, lawyer former SS, arrives to testify in favor of SS. In 1934, O'Flaherty received the title of Monsignor. He had served 30 years of a life term imposed by an Italian military tribunal in 1948 for the reprisal killing during World War II of 335 hostages, including 57 Jews. 9 (Reuters)Herbert Kappler; a_convicted Nazi war criminal, died of stomach cancer here today, six months after- a daring escape from a Rome military hospital. He would be Kapplers only visitor until 1959. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. As the authorities refused to release him, in 1977, Anneliese carried Kappler out of prison in a large suitcase (he weighed less than one hundred five pounds at the time). [citation needed] In 1938, during the Anschluss, he supervised the mass deportations of Austrian Jews as part of the Holocaust in Austria.[3]. Kurtna, however, turned the tables on Kappler by stealing the top secret Sicherheitsdienst codebooks from his office during the chaos that surrounded the Liberation of Rome. Following the end of the war, Kappler stood trial in Italy and was sentenced to life imprisonment. Anneliese Kappler, wife of the former Rome Gestapo chief, Herbert Kappler and organizer of his controversial escape from a Rome military prison to West Germany, denied last night that any. Six months after his escape, Kappler died at home in Soltau, on February 9, 1978, aged 70.[4]. Kappler's main activities during this period involved suppressing resistance groups, rounding up "enemies of the state", and enforcing anti-Jewish measures, conducting Jewish ghetto raids, and deportations to extermination camps. This website makes use of cookies to ensure that the website works properly. He served as head of German police and security services ( Sicherheitspolizei and SD) in Rome during the Second World War and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 - 9 February 1978) was the head of German police and security services ( Oberbefehlshaber des Sicherheitspolizei und SD) in Rome during World War II. On a visit in August 1977, Kappler's wife carried him out in a large suitcase (Kappler weighed about 47kg (104lb) at the time) and escaped to West Germany, assisted by apparently unwitting carabinieri. OFlaherty enlisted several VIPs. Herbert Kappler. Hugh O'Flaherty, who also often visited him in prison, and with whom Kappler often discussed literature and religion. Asked whether there werent times when such orders should be disobeyed, Mrs. Kappler replied: One cannot judge this today if one has not experienced war. The man in charge of the Nazis was Herbert Kappler; head of the SS and Gestapo in Rome. iie was 70 years old. He next attended a technical college and spent seven semesters studying electrical engineering. He escaped from prison shortly before his death in West Germany in 1978. By this time Kappler had also converted to Catholicism, partly due to the influence of his war-time opponent, the Vatican diplomat Mgr. Family of Kappler, ExSS Colonel, Withholds plans for His Funeral, https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/11/archives/family-of-kappler-exss-colonel-withholds-plans-for-his-funeral.html. It was a large and prestigious establishment, owned by an uncle. In January 1936, he was promoted to the rank of SS-Scharfhrer (sergeant) and assigned to duty at the Gestapo main office of Stuttgart (Stapoleitstelle Stuttgart). OFlaherty did not just hide POWs. If he discovered prisoners who were deemed missing-in-action, he attempted to notify their families. It was also because the Republic of Ireland was neutral during the war. Upon the outbreak of World War II, in September 1939, Kappler was serving as an SS-Hauptsturmfhrer (captain) out of the Stuttgart Gestapo main office. Mr. Kappler's wife, Anneliese, who said she had lowered him with ropes from the third floor of the hospital, explained that it had been her greatest wish that her husband, whom she called a Christbike figure, should not die in captivity. In 1947, Kappler was tried by an Italian military tribunal and sentenced to life imprisonment in the military prison of Gaeta. She also denied receiving financial aid for the escape from any group, but admitted, during a TV interview, that she had received money from various groups representing former SS members. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Priebke's commanding officer, Col. Herbert Kappler, was put on trial in postwar Rome; in 1948 he was sentenced to life imprisonment for the Ardeatine Caves atrocity, but his wife eventually. and later turned over to the Italian government in 1947. Walter Ciszek as a fellow political prisoner in the Gulag complex located 300km above the Arctic Circle and known as Norillag. OFlaherty was told he would be shot if he crossed the line not that it stopped him. Following the armistice between Italy and the Allies on September 8, 1943, the German military occupied Rome and Kappler was appointed as Chief of the Security Police and Security Service (Oberbefehlshaber des Sicherheitspolizei und SD) for all SS and Order Police (Ordnungspolizei) units deployed in Rome. Six months after his escape, Kappler died at home in Soltau, on February 9, 1978, aged 70. Thank you for using this website. It is estimated his group hid over 6,500 people for the remainder of the war in farms, convents, churches, and private apartments. . Appeals by both his wife and the West German government to release him were denied by Italian authorities, but earned him a transfer to a hospital. Germany was furious at the betrayal and retaliated by invading Italy. Kappler attended four years of elementary school (Volksschule) followed by four more of high school and graduated in 1925. For his role in several atrocities, including the Ardeatine Massacre (the slaughter of 335 civilians in the Ardeatine Caves), the Nazi chief was sentenced to life in prison. Over the years, the two developed a strange friendship. During his teenage years Hugh was a talented student and golfer . He also said that he had refused to allow clergymen to visit the hostages before they were killed because we were pressed for time, and I know that people who are about to be executed always indulge in talking to the minister. Shortly before his trial, Mr. Kappler converted to Roman Catholicism. Paradoxically, after the war Kappler and O'Flaherty would become friends of sorts.[2]. A particularly detested adversary of Kappler's was Irish Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty of the Sacred Congregation De Propaganda Fide. In these measures, Kappler came into direct conflict with the Vatican, which was highly suspected of harboring Allied fugitives and escaped prisoners, even though the Vatican under Pope Pius XII was technically neutral. After his sentencing (which upheld his lifetime conviction), Kappler went ahead with the conversion. He later arranged the deportation of a further 993 Roman Jews, nearly all of whom eventually died in Nazi gas chambers. (Photo by Stefano Montesi/Corbis via Getty Images), 2001 x 2880 px (6.67 x 9.60 in) - 300 dpi - 1 MB. Kappler's first action as head of German security forces in Rome was to help plan the rescue of Benito Mussolini by the SS special forces, a feat which was accomplished by Otto Skorzeny. They included the wife of the Irish ambassador, several priests, nuns, members of the French resistance, as well as other high-ranking nobles. [1] [2] Comment * what is insensible water loss. She smuggled him into West Germany by car. He rose to the rank of SS- Obersturmbannfhrer and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre as well as dealing with Vatican City over its neutrality. Herbert Kappler joined the Nazi Party on 1 August 1931 at the age of twenty three. [17], Six months after his escape, Kappler died at home in Soltau, on 9 February 1978, aged 70. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. Tap into Getty Images' global scale, data-driven insights, and network of more than 340,000 creators to create content exclusively for your brand. He mingled with Victor Emmanuel III, the King of Italy and he also became friendly with Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini; the founder of Italian Fascism. Mr. Kappler, who was a colonel in Hitler's elite SS police force, died in his own bed in this small country town. Kappler ordered a white line painted at the entrance to St. Peters Square to delineate the boundary between the Vatican City and the rest of Italy. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 9 February 1978) was a key German SS functionary and war criminal during the Nazi era. In 1931, Herbert Kappler formally became a Nazi Party member. He rose to the rank of SS-Obersturmbannfhrer and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre as well as dealing with Vatican City over its neutrality. The Getty Images design is a trademark of Getty Images. In 1977 he escaped from a Rome Prison hidden in a laundry basket, and was spirited away to Germany, by his recently wedded wife, whom he had married in Prison in 1972. The Archive of the Jewish Telegraphic Agency includes articles published from 1923 to 2008. By early 1944, Kappler was the highest representative of the Reich Security Main Office in Rome and answered directly to both the military governorship, under Luftwaffe General Kurt Mlzer, as well as the SS chain of command under the Higher SS and Police Leader of Italy, SS-Obergruppenfhrer Karl Wolff. Mr. Kappler, who died yesterday, was serving a life term for ordering the 1944 reprisal killing of 335 Italians when his wife, Anneliese, helped him escape from a prison hospital in Rome six months ago. On 19-04-1972, he married Anneliese Viktoria Wenger (born 1925), a homeopath and mother of three already grown children from a first marriage divorced in 1955 (including Eckehard and Ekkehard Walther, who was with her in Rome) In 1962, after hearing about Kapplers fate from a patient for the first time, she wrote to him and sent food parcels. He was raised in Killarney where his father was a steward on a golf course where the family lived. Shortly after his birth O'Flaherty's parents moved to Killarney, Ireland, and made a home on a golf course where James O'Flaherty worked as a steward. Organize, control, distribute and measure all of your digital content. His appointment to Italy was the result of his security police experience, connections with the SS leadership (Reinhard Heydrich, in particular), as well as a fluency in the Italian language. [9][13] Kappler's first wife divorced him while he was serving his sentence. Kappler was arrested by British authorities in 1945, turned over to the Italian government in 1947, and tried the following year by an Italian military tribunal. Because of Kapplers deteriorating condition and his wifes nursing skills, Anneliese Kappler had been allowed almost unlimited access to him after he was transferred to an Italian hospital. While serving his sentence in prison, Herbert Kappler divorced his first wife and married his nurse, Anneliese, in 1972. Kappler joined the Nazi Party on August 1, 1931 and the SS in 1933. He also coordinated the rescue of downed pilots, providing them with food, medicine and safe houses throughout Italy. He died of cancer in 1978, never having been returned to Prison. By this time, Kappler had also converted to Catholicism,[16] due to the influence of his war-time enemy, Mgr. Anneliese Kappler, wife of the former Rome Gestapo chief, Herbert Kappler and organizer of his controversial escape from a Rome military prison to West Germany, denied last night that any official German authority or any group had aided in the escape attempt. Herbert Kappler joined the Nazi Party on 1 August 1931 and joined the SS in 1933. During this action, he demanded 110 pounds of gold from the Jewish community in Rome, which he later claimed was an attempt to prevent the round-up and the deportations. See the article in its original context from. Mrs. Kappler said she had received messages of support from people all over the world. In his first action, 1,023 Italian Jews were deported, of whom only 16 survived. He was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Gaeta military prison. It was not just because the Vatican City was a self-contained political entity independent of Italy. Toget about, he donned various disguises, hence his nickname the Scarlet Pimpernel of the Vatican. It came from a book about an Englishman who disguised himself to help French nobility escape the purges of the French Revolution. Following the armistice between Italy and the Allied Forces on September 8, 1943, the German military occupied Rome and Kappler was ordered to serve as Chief of the Security Police and Security Service (Oberbefehlshaber des Sicherheitspolizei und SD) for all SS and police units deployed in Rome. In January 1936, he was assigned to duty at the Gestapo central office of Stuttgart. Appeals by both his wife and the West German government to release him were denied by Italian authorities. Kappler and his first wife divorced while he was serving his sentence. iie was 70 years old. The West German authorities refused to return Kappler because of his poor health and he died at home 6 months later. In mid 1935, Kappler applied for transfer to the full-time SS and submitted an application to join the Sicherheitspolizei (Security Police) or SiPo. To preserve these articles as they originally appeared, The Times does not alter, edit or update them. In 1968 she visited him for the first time in the fortress of Gaeta. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 - 9 February 1978) was a key German SS functionary and war criminal during the Nazi era. During those same years, Kurtna covertly spied for the Soviet Union, with devastating results for the many underground priests and faithful whose names he passed to the NKVD. His wife divorced him while he was serving his sentence. Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty and his organisation were a major obstruction to the brutal Kappler and his Gestapo during this period. What happened to Herbert Kappler? Kappler prison photo -Public domain via Wikimedia Commons. Yet it was in The Scarlet and the Black that Plummer played his most Catholic role, the Gestapo chief in Rome, Herbert Kappler. Kappler's second in command in Rome, SS-Captain Erich Priebke, managed to escape to Argentina and was not extradited to Italy to face trial over his own role in the Ardeatine Caves Massacre until 1996. Among them was his future wife, Carla Capponi (1918-2000). Giuseppe worked as a salesclerk at an interior decoration store in Rome. At the same time, he became a stormtrooper in the Sturmabteilung (SA) and served as an SA-Mann from August 1, 1931 to December 1, 1932. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 9 February 1978) was a key German SS functionary and war criminal during the Nazi era. In January 1936, he was assigned to duty at the Gestapo main office in Stuttgart. Herbert Kappler became Hitler's man in Rome after the arrest of Benito Mussolini. On a visit in August 1977, Kapplers wife carried him out in a large suitcase (Kappler weighed about (104 pounds at the time) and escaped to West Germany. By using this website we assume that you agree with this. Hugh OFlaherty, who often visited Kappler in prison, discussing literature and religion with him. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. During his childhood, Kappler witnessed World War I, and came of age in the Weimar Republic during the 1920s. Arrest and Later Life. Mr. Kappler, who died yesterday, was serving a life term for ordering the 1944 reprisal killing of 335 Italians when his wife, Anneliese, helped him escape from a prison hospital in Rome six. With a portion of Italy under German occupation, those POWs were at risk of being recaptured. from the Jews of Rome, which Kappler later alleged was an attempt to prevent the deportations.[3][8][9]. He underwent six months of indoctrination training, and was sworn into the SS on May 8, 1933. Now he was practically in charge of Rome as. Waiting to solve 5. Herbert Kappler joined the Nazi Party on August 1, 1931 at the age of twenty three. Kappler was born to a middle-class family in Stuttgart in what was still the German Empire. Anyone can read what you share. In 1937, Kappler graduated from the Fhrerschule der Sicherheitspolizei (Leadership School of the Security Police) in Berlin as a Kriminalkommissar (criminal commissioner). Kappler came into direct conflict with the Vatican, as the Germans had strong suspicions that it was harboring Allied fugitives and escaped prisoners, even though the Vatican under Pope Pius XII was technically neutral. David Alvarez and Robert A. Graham, S.J. Fortunately, they did not storm the Vatican because of its unique status. "First a great fear, then a great calm, an enormous lucidity. He later married Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with him, before marrying him at a prison ceremony in 1972. Towards the end of 1934, on September 29, he married Leonore Janns who was the same age as Kappler (27 at the time) and came from the city of Heilbronn. Streamline your workflow with our best-in-class digital asset management system. Appeals by both his wife and the West German government for compassionate release were denied by Italian authorities, but did earn him a transfer to a hospital in 1976. [citation needed] In 1938, during the Anschluss, he supervised the mass deportations of Austrias Jews to concentration camps. SOLTAU, West Germany, Feb. 9 (Reuters)Herbert Kappler; a_convicted Nazi war criminal, died of stomach cancer here today, six months after- a daring escape from a Rome military hospital. Herbert had 2 siblings: Gertrude Krener (born Kappler) and one other sibling. As part of the latter operation, Kappler successfully extorted 50 kilograms of gold (110 lbs.) OFlaherty never lost his talent for socializing or forgot his golfing skills. Kappler's second in command in Rome, SS-Captain Erich Priebke, did manage to escape and it was not until 1996 that Priebke would face justice. I recommend you watch his trial here. He later arranged the deportation of a further 993 Roman Jews, nearly all of whom also died in the gas chambers. Photos:Kappler -United States War Department, Public domainvia Wikimedia Commons. A particular adversary of Kappler's in this respect was Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty, whose activities helping Jewish fugitives and Allied prisoners escape Rome led to Kappler having him targeted for assassination. , nearly all of whom also died in Nazi gas chambers Weimar Republic during the Nazi.. 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