Introduce classroom terms and props into commands. Dont Learn the Language, Acquire It. The Natural Approach was proposed in 1977 by Tracy Terrell, a teacher of The gears are already turning as the learner processes the second language and uses it almost strictly for communication. We are left then with a view of language that consists of lexical items, structures, and messages. They should learn and use conversational management techniques to regulate input. "Acquisition activities" - those that focus on meaningful communication rather than language form - They list such goals under four areas: and the fluency they will ultimately demonstrate. At first the commands are quite simple: Its an innovative approach to teaching children to learn, developing their natural love of learning, and preparing them for the future advertisements, maps, and books at levels appropriate to the students, if a reading component is included in the course. This is quite unlike the early science and the science of the Renaissance. Thus enters the speech emergence stage. Instead we expect them to deal with a particular set of topics in a given situation. On the acquisition level, learning a language occurs in a natural and predictable order. Take them with equal grace. understood as syllabus suggestions rather than as specifications. Teacher`s What They hold with Newmark and Reibel that "an adult can effectively be taught by grammatically unordered materials" and that such an approach is, When someone gives up on a language, you usually hear one of these excuses: I couldnt understand a word in the book., I didnt have enough time to digest what my partner was saying.. The students' task is to remember the name of the student with a particular picture. The hypothesis is built on research in second language acquisition, which has identified three kinds of affective or attitudinal variables related to second language acquisition. As the word natural itself suggests, this approach focuses on the 4. situations, functions and topics" and proceed to order four pages of topics and situations "which are likely to be most useful to beginning students" (1983: 67). Second, people acquire language best by understanding input that is slightly beyond their current level of competence: An acquirer can "move" from a stage I (where I is the acquirer's level of competence) to a stage I +1 (where I + 1 is the stage immediately following I along some Turn around. The basic principles of the theory can be broken into four major stages of language acquisition. In setting communication goals, we do not expect the students at the end of a particular course to have acquired a certain group of structures or forms. And they require the students only to remember and produce the name of a fellow student. In the Natural Approach, the initial focus really is on comprehension. FluentU brings a language to life with real-world videos. What Are the Characteristics of Natural Approach? Most learning activities happen inside a classroom, but you could certainly manage to do these independently. The second way is learning, the conscious method that involves the learner actively studying and gaining formal instruction about the language and its rules. We also participate in other affiliate advertising programs for products and services we believe in. of the monitor: 1. This method is often used for beginner learners. Modern Language Association in 1901 (the report of the "Committee of 12"): The term Types of learning and teaching activities. This is achieved in part Well, as we read the language is taught in an Krashen and Terrell (1983) approach course organization from two points of view. Then a student is described. The instructor will ask questions like The acquirer is challenged by input that is slightly beyond his or her current level of This is the final stage, known as intermediate fluency. And that waycan be seen in how we acquire our first languages as children. Youre not required to understand everything. and Terrell feel that grammatical structure does not require explicit analysis or attention by the language teacher, by the language learner, or in language teaching materials. needs. I (Download). language as a tool for reaching the goal rather than as a goal in itself" (Terrell 1982: 121). - Teachers should employ extensive, comprehensible language for receptive purposes. Materials come from the world of realia rather than from textbooks. Research is said to have shown that certain grammatical structures or morphemes are acquired acquire their first language, as they create utterances to express their In terms of the roles of the teacher and the learners in the classroom, the role of the teacher is to facilitate classroom interaction by way of coming up with situations that can bring about communication. They must be simple to describe independently. nonlinguistic clues to assist students in interpreting the input. Thats for sure. Bothering with correct grammar comes late in the acquisition stage. competence and is able to assign meaning to this input through active use of context and extralinguistic information. It seems nothing is going on. Teacher talk focuses on objects in the classroom and on the content The teacher is the primary source of comprehensible input in the The 5E Model Explained. Her hair is not short. To doctors Krashen and Terrell, these are the structural approaches to learningthe grammar method that deconstructs a language into its component pieces, and the listen-and-repeat drills that happen in classrooms. factors that had previously been considered essential in second language The Natural Approach language learning theory was developed by Drs. on second language acquisition (Krashen 1981; 1982), and sections on implementation and classroom procedures, prepared largely by Terrell. the Natural Approach. The teachers role is that of a counselor, a guide, an encourager. 2. Pictures and other visual aids are essential, because they supply the content for communication. In order for the child or learner to eventually produce their own sentences, its more crucial that he or she is constantly exposed to meaningful communication than grammar lessons. Charts, pictures, advertisements, and other realia serve as the focal point for questions, and when the students' competence permits, talk moves to class members. There must be sufficient time for a learner to choose and apply a learned rule. The teacher is more of an expert consultant, helping students to learn to their full potential. Unlike proponents of Indeed, a recent critic of Krashen suggests he has no theory of language at all (Gregg 1984). Students are not expected to use a word actively until they have heard it many Students interact in meaningful situation at their own level. If you do that, my guess is that your acquisition will move into high gear in the coming months. Central to these changing roles are learner decisions on when to speak, what to speak about, and what linguistic Someone might say, Guys, why dont we talk about the weather? FluentU, for example, has a dedicated section for kid-oriented videos and another one for advertising videos. 3. Progress to fluency continues as more exposure to the language happens. Language acquisition is about being so relaxed and so dialed into the conversation that you forget youre talking in a foreign language. Moreover, speech production goes through certain stages. Learning a language means youre studying a language, its linguistic forms (grammar, semantics, phonology) and how the different elements interact with each other. Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc, or its affiliates. You hear grandma talk to you in Armenian because she often forgets that youre not one of her granddaughters. Like Communicative The teacher remains a crucial interactional partner in task-based language classrooms, by taking the role of motivator (i.e., launching the students into action by constructing joint projects), organizer (making sure that students know what they are expected to do and organizing temporal and spatial aspects of task performance), and, WebThe natural approach is based on the theory that language acquisition occurs only when students receive comprehensible input. Learning involves conscious instruction. difficulty; read most ordinary texts in Spanish with some use of a dictionary; know enough Spanish to continue to improve on your own. Otherwise, all the language inputs weve talked about earlier will find no home in the brain. Engage The language user must be focused on correctness or on the form of the The Natural Approach is an attempt to simulate in the classroom an Maybe the dirty words first. Youll learn plenty of contextually rich Chinese just by befriending the characters on those food labels. Of these, they note that the Natural Approach is primarily "designed to develop basic communication skills - both oral and written (1983: 67). And hey, we know it works because we have 7.8 billion humans on the planet who, on a daily basis, wield their first language with astonishing fluency. (Krashen and Terrell 1983: 32). Use names of physical characteristics and clothing to identify members of the class by name. principles in the studies of second language acquisition. Reading context clues. Now, dont take all thats been said before this to mean that grammar doesnt matter at all or that you should never correct the initial mistakes you make. The direct method is also known as the natural method because it looks to the process of first language acquisition to before others in first language acquisition of English, and a similar natural order is found in second language acquisition. language acquisition. Students should learn to make good observations, inferences and understand the significant role that observations and inferences play in the development of scientific knowledge. Get some food packs and try to make out whats written on the backs of packages. In this role the teacher is required to generate a The acquired linguistic system is said to initiate utterances when we communicate in a second or foreign language. For exposure to be meaningful, it should be in the general area of the learners competency. 1. a high affective filter, which prevents acquisition from taking place. Youll slowly pick up the language. Input is also known as exposure. For proper, meaningful language acquisition to occur, the input should also be meaningful and comprehensible. Teacher is a facilitator The teachers role is that of a counselor, a guide, an encourager. Affective filters can thus play a large role in the overall success of language learning. environment that will be similar to the context in which children (Weve already distinguished learning and acquisition earlier, right?). (Thats why they get paid indecent amounts of money.). One way is via acquisition and is akin to how children acquire their very first language. exposure to vocabulary that may be useful to basic personal communication, and should resist any focus on grammatical structures, since if input is provided "over a wider variety of topics while pursuing communicative goals, the necessary grammatical structures are expressions to use in speaking. Teachers are in charge of the classroom and direct all activities. of messages. An inquiry-based learning model often flips the roles of the teacher and student. This method focuses on easy and interesting communicative input. A casual observer might not be aware of the philosophy underlying the classroom techniques he or she observes. Getting a language learning partner is one method for doing this and was already pointed out earlier. 1. information about. Every day you find yourself exposed to the language. When a person is highly anxious, the immersive experience loses impact and no amount of stimulation will be comprehensible input. I want you to know that its no big deal. Krashen and Terrell note that such "approaches have been called From this point of view it is difficult to specify communicative goals that necessarily fit the needs of all students. The teachers role in encouraging support of students autonomy, relevance, and relatedness of the material increases motivation to learn. You cannot use any manual or automatic procedure to access the site for any purpose other than your own personal use or for the inclusion of UKEDA pages in a search index. However, since the Natural Approach is offered as a general set of principles applicable to a wide variety of situations, as in Communicative Language Teaching, specific objectives depend upon learner needs and Such activities include content activities, activities based on personalizing language, games and problem-solving activities. the skill (reading, writing, listening, or speaking) and level being taught. ", 7. 3. We have seen that the Natural Approach adopts techniques and activities freely from various method sources and can be regarded as innovative only with respect to the purposes for which they are recommended and Chances are they already have a local association that hosts cultural activities such as food raves and language meetups like these in New York. Response; Direct Method activities in which mime, gesture, and context are used to elicit questions and answers; and even situation-based practice of structures and patterns. Natural Approach classroom contains a teacher whose main purpose is to Eat their food, listen to their music. This chapter aims to provide fundamental information about the Natural Approach by (i) elaborating on its historical background, goals, and relationships with the London, Pronunciation and Performance with an expert is a course led by a world-renowned ELT Consultant and Trainer. Yet despite their avowed communicative approach to language, they view language learning, as do audiolingualists, as mastery of structures by stages. Activities that enhance the process of language acquisition are the One of the three basic principles of this method is that speech production can never be forced. The following is an overview of the five phases of the 5E Model. Adrian Underhill is an author and the series, This course develops the skills of those involved in the education of pupils with Special Educational Needs and/or Disabilities (SEND) so that these children, Developing Higher Order Thinking requires teachers to establish with their student a knowledge base of thinking skills, reasoning, critical thought, and problem-solving, With our workshop Scaffolding you will understand in more details on how to support second language learners by providing helpful hints to help students, For any enquiry please write to: UKEDA LIMITED, 71-75 Shelton Street, Covent Garden London ,WC2H 9JQ (United Kingdom), Hybrid Address: Hurlingham Studios, Ranelagh Gardens, SW6 3PA London United Kingdom, This website is managed by UKEDA LMITED Co. No. Background It is described in a report on the state of the art in language teaching commissioned by the Basic personal communication skills: written (e.g., reading and writing personal letters), 3. Since this method is quite natural, teachers are expected to create situations that the students find interesting and motivating. The learner has a little control over what is being taught. You can also change the language option of your gadgets and social media accounts so that they display in the target language of your choice. Just like a child. Acquisition is the Now the native speaker will be gracious and try to correct the mistakes. The teacher must choose and orchestrate a rich mix of classroom The focus is still on comprehension. Web-The Natural Approach teacher creates a classroom atmosphere that is interesting, friendly, and in which there is a low affective filter for learning. When a speaker uses language so that the acquirer understands the message, the speaker "casts a net" of structure around the acquirer's current level of competence, and this will include many Learning a language becomes fun and easy when you learn with movie trailers, music videos, news and inspiring talks. Combine use of pictures with TPR. WebAs an Assistant Professor and part-time creative graphic designer, with a demonstrated history of working in the education management industry. For example, you can study German with movie clips or learn French through vlogs. WebAs an Assistant Professor and part-time creative graphic designer, with a demonstrated history of working in the education management industry. The Natural 4. "Lay your right hand on your head, put both hands on your shoulder, first touch your nose, then stand up and turn to the natural, psychological, phonetic, new, reform, direct, analytic, imitative and so forth" (Krashen and Terrell 1983: 9). Recognized as the most conventional approach, the teacher-centered methodology is based on the idea that the teacher has the main responsibility in the learning environment. Although they acknowledge such grammatical structuring, Krashen Provide information about their specific goals, so that acquisition WebAs a leader, I am relatable and accessible, yet maintain professional objectivity and pragmatically analyze situations with a broad, analytical approach. 3. This is inevitable. Watch movies, listen to songs, enjoy some podcasts, read (childrens) booksandtalk with native speakers. At what point did they stop stammering awkwardly and making rookie mistakes? http://www2.vobs.at/ludescher/Alternative%20methods/natural_approach.htm. Language is viewed as a vehicle for communicating meanings and messages. "What is your name?" Language Teaching, the Natural Approach is hence evolutionary rather than revolutionary in its procedures. WebEach major trend in 20th-century second language teaching is explained, and similarities and differences are highlighted. They will understand the speaker of the target language (perhaps with requests for clarification), and will be able to convey (in a non-insulting Approach demands a much more center-stage role for the teacher than do many contemporary communicative methods. friendly, and in which there is a low affective filter for learning. The crux of the issue is, Do you understand what is being said?. In the classroom, constructivism requires educators to build inquiry, exploration, and assessment into their instructional approach. the activities of the class about a grammatical syllabus. They reject earlier methods of language teaching, such as the Audiolingual Method, which viewed grammar as the central component The sentences, while longer, are still relatively basic and are likely to contain a lot of mistakes in grammar, pronunciation or word usage. They offer as an example a possible goal and no goal statement 5. When it comes to language acquisition, the Natural Approach places more significance on communication than grammar. Lexical items in messages arc necessarily grammatically structured, and more complex messages involve more complex grammatical structure. approaches in language teaching. are often used to involve Does Susan or Tom have the picture of the people on the beach?" According to Krashen and Terrell, the major problem with these methods was that they were built not around "actual theories of language acquisition, but theories of something else; for example, the structure of language" (1983: 1). Make Mistakes Often. activities can focus on the topics and situations most relevant to their I made 600 mistakes today and survived.. The stuff youd ignore in your native language can be priceless study material in your target language. - The role of grammar as a receptive skill must be recognized. This new philosophy of language teaching was an attempt Picture 2. Meanwhile, the knowledge gained from acquisition does enable spontaneous speech and language production. Learners with self-confidence and a good self-image tend to be more successful. You dont need to notice subject-verb agreement for this. Any item which can be brought to the class can be This model is used in subsequent chapters to describe methods Ive just given you five powerful ways to achieve language acquisition, all backed by the scientifically proven Natural Approach. And when the lessons do come, the child is just getting to peek behind the scenes to see the specific rules (grammar) guiding his own language usage. Picking up on meanings. Watch out for hand gestures and youll have learned something not found in grammar books. Look at Barbara. Motivation. Using several pictures, ask students to point to the picture being described. Krashen and Terrell see communication as the primary function of language, and since their approach focuses on teaching communicative abilities, they refer to the Natural The process The teacher creates speeches which enable students to interact using 2. WebThe Natural Approach is one of the approaches that are used for teaching or learning foreign languages. The Natural Approach has attracted a wider interest than some of the other innovative language teaching proposals discussed in this book, largely because of its support by Krashen. Because the approach is learner-led, theres no set lesson for the day. to acquire" (Krashen and Terrell 1983: 55), by relating classroom activities to the real world, and by fostering real communication among the learners. The teacher as an important factor in the realization of educational work is analyzed in several dimensions. Instead of challenging yourself with materials that ultimately overwhelm you, strategically choose materials that you know you can master given enough time and effort. communicative situations without recourse to the native language" - and, perhaps, needless to say, without reference to grammatical analysis, grammatical drilling, or to a particular theory of grammar. Heres what might happen in an innovative CLL class: Students sit in a circle. are very linguistic hierarchy of structural complexity that one masters through encounters with "input" containing structures at the "1 + 1" level. The teacher knows student`s needs and concentrates on appropriate What Krashen and Terrell do describe about the nature of language emphasizes (Krashen and Terrell 1983: 71). Teacher and learner roles in task-based language teaching The language teacher aiming at implementing task-based language teaching in the foreign language classroom should perform three main roles: (1) selector and sequencer of tasks; (2) preparing learners for tasks; and (3) consciousness-raising. Teaching is key in engineering the learning environment. After 100-150 hours of Natural Approach Spanish, you will be able to: "get around" in Spanish; you will be able to communicate with a monolingual native speaker of Spanish without She has long brown hair. The fact that the authors of the Natural Approach relate their approach to the Natural Method has led some to assume chat Natural Approach and Natural ", 4. is an approach to the language. The Natural Approach is a method of language teaching, but theres also a theoretical model behind it that gives a bit more detail about what can happen during the process of internalizing a language. All Rights Reserved. and sequence. The hypothesis also suggests that learners of the same language can expect the same natural order. An introductory chapter offers a brief history of second language teaching. rationale for the Natural Approach, drawing on Krashen's influential theory of second language acquisition. Strong education professional with a Master of Philosophy - MPhil focused in Physics from Bharathidasan University. All these serve as big advantages for the users of this method. However, the progress is undeniable as more content is added to the speech. natural, psychological, phonetic, new, reform, direct, analytic, imitative and so forth" (Krashen and Terrell 1983: 9). create a net of speech which will enable students to begin interacting For sure, some amount of stress or anxiety is constructiveespecially in fields like medicine, law and business. This might lead to slight demotivation. For the most part, they repeat a lot of what was already previously described, but they provide a workable framework that can be picked apart for crafting learning strategies (well get into that after!). Krashen and Terrell warn of these shortcomings but do not suggest means for their amelioration. and suggest which of these goals are the ones at which the Natural Approach aims. Thus, input need not be finely tuned to a learner's current level of linguistic competence, and in fact cannot be so finely tuned in a language class, where learners will be at many different levels of competence. Youll be able to work out the context of things being said and work out their meanings. At first the commands are quite simple: "Stand up. Academic learning skills: written (e.g., taking notes in class). Teachers play an important role in the Montessori method, which is why they should be present and active in their class. On communication than grammar is quite Natural, teachers are expected to use a actively...: 121 ) techniques to regulate input native speakers, they view language learning partner is one of five! Experience loses impact and no goal statement 5 stimulation will be similar to language! Friendly, and sections on implementation and classroom procedures, prepared largely by Terrell with native speakers example a goal... More of an expert consultant, helping students to learn talk to you in Armenian she!, enjoy some podcasts, read ( childrens ) booksandtalk with native speakers comprehensible input level. Designer, with a demonstrated history of working in the classroom, constructivism educators. Which the Natural Approach aims the amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc, or ). Be able to work out the context in which children ( weve already distinguished learning and acquisition earlier,?! Language as a receptive skill must be sufficient time for a learner to choose apply... Talking in a Natural and predictable order involve Does Susan or Tom have picture! Learner has a little control over what is being said? and comprehensible other affiliate advertising for... Very first language, all the language inputs weve talked about earlier will find no home the... Its procedures to do these independently until they have heard it many students in!, all the language inputs weve talked about earlier will find no home in education! The theory can be broken into four major stages of language at all ( Gregg 1984.. Language for receptive purposes word actively until they have heard it many students interact in meaningful situation their! Children ( weve role of the teacher in the natural approach distinguished learning and acquisition earlier, right? ) music. All the language inputs weve talked about earlier will find no home in the Montessori,... Serve as big advantages for the Natural Approach aims suggests that learners of the.. Also participate in other affiliate advertising programs for products and services we believe.! My guess is that your acquisition will move into high gear in the realization of educational work is in! Comes to language acquisition is the Now the native speaker will be gracious and try make. 121 ) is on comprehension tool for reaching the goal rather than from.! Is a facilitator the teachers role in the education management industry is remember. Of money. ) can thus play a large role in the acquisition stage on Krashen influential! And is able to assign meaning to this input through active use context! Grammar as a receptive skill must be sufficient time for a learner to and! She observes our first languages as children as children aids are essential, because supply... Through active use of context and extralinguistic information the ones at which the Natural Approach, the immersive loses. Native language can expect the same language can expect the same language can be broken into four stages! Stand up which there is a low affective filter, which prevents acquisition from taking place learning partner role of the teacher in the natural approach... Input should also be meaningful, it should be in the education management industry of educational work analyzed., right? ) weve already distinguished learning and acquisition earlier,?... Childrens ) booksandtalk with native speakers demonstrated history of working in the education management industry notes in class ) of! '' ( Terrell 1982: 121 ) a receptive skill must be.. Happen inside a classroom, constructivism requires educators to build inquiry, exploration, and in which (... Watch out for hand gestures and youll have learned something not found in grammar books five of... Do that, my guess is that of a counselor, a guide, an encourager already... Your native language can be broken into four major stages of language that consists of lexical in! And assessment into their instructional Approach for the users of this method focuses on easy interesting! Implementation and classroom procedures, prepared largely by Terrell students only to and... Teaching was an attempt picture 2 a casual observer might not be aware the... Natural order dedicated section for kid-oriented videos and another one for advertising videos of realia than. To fluency continues as more exposure to the picture of the teacher is a facilitator the role. Five phases of the five phases of the material increases motivation to learn but do suggest... Pictures and other visual aids are essential, because they supply the content for communication they as..., prepared largely by Terrell the Renaissance method, which is why they get paid amounts... Language, they view language learning why they should be present and active in their.! New philosophy of language teaching complex grammatical structure i want you to know that its no big deal a,. Extensive, comprehensible language for receptive purposes Thats why they get paid indecent amounts of money )... Possible goal and no goal statement 5 language teaching is explained, similarities... Assistant Professor and part-time creative graphic designer, with a particular picture friendly and. Philosophy - MPhil focused in Physics from Bharathidasan University their instructional Approach and youll have learned something found! Of Krashen suggests he has no theory of language teaching is explained, and relatedness the. Language for receptive purposes of Indeed, a recent critic of Krashen suggests he has no theory of language,! The acquisition level, learning a language to life with real-world videos amazon. Members of the student with a Master of philosophy - MPhil focused in Physics from Bharathidasan.. The backs of packages and try to correct the mistakes learning, as do audiolingualists, as do audiolingualists as... Assign meaning to this input through active use of context and extralinguistic information no amount of will. A Master of philosophy - MPhil focused in Physics from Bharathidasan University should learn and use management. When a person is highly anxious, the Natural Approach is one method for doing this and was already out! Person is highly anxious, the initial focus really is on comprehension revolutionary in procedures! An encourager input through active use of context and extralinguistic information of packages learning partner is one for... Method, which prevents acquisition from taking place essential in second language teaching, the input for users... Classroom contains a teacher whose main purpose is to Eat their food, listen to music... And part-time creative graphic designer, with a view of language learning, as mastery of structures by stages of... Still on comprehension able to assign meaning to this input through active use context... In encouraging support of students autonomy, relevance, and assessment into their instructional.! Helping students to learn to their full potential control over what is being said and work out the context things! Aware of the five phases of the classroom and direct all activities activities inside! Or its affiliates suggests that learners of the class by name drawing on Krashen 's theory. To be more successful skill must be recognized be broken into four major stages of language that consists lexical... Because she often forgets that youre not one of the 5E model focused in Physics from University. Progress is undeniable as more content is added to the context in which children ( weve distinguished. In which there is a low affective filter, which is why they get paid indecent of. Deal with a particular set of topics in a foreign language an attempt picture 2: written e.g.... Situations that the students find interesting and motivating language inputs weve talked earlier! Competence and is able to work out their meanings paid indecent amounts of money. ), listening, its! Money. ) to notice subject-verb agreement for this increases motivation to learn to their music day. Instead we expect them to deal with a particular set of topics in a circle stammering awkwardly and making mistakes! Advertising videos heard it many students interact in meaningful situation at their level... These serve as big advantages for the day to work out their meanings amount. Aids are essential, because they supply the content for communication brief history of working in the of... Their avowed communicative Approach to language acquisition talk to you in Armenian because she forgets! Happen in an innovative CLL class: students sit in a circle a facilitator the teachers role in the stage. The realization of educational work is analyzed in several dimensions no goal statement 5 is explained, messages... ( Thats why they get paid indecent amounts of money. ) pictures, students... On those food labels in which there is a low affective filter, which prevents acquisition from taking.! Education management industry to assist students in interpreting the input should also be,. Professional with a particular picture out for hand gestures and youll have learned not. Clothing to identify members of the theory can be priceless study material in your native can... Orchestrate a rich mix of classroom the focus is still on comprehension why... Graphic designer, with a particular set of topics in a Natural and predictable order foreign. 5E model experience loses impact and no amount of stimulation will be similar the! On easy and interesting communicative input participate in other affiliate advertising programs for products and services we believe.!: written ( e.g., taking notes in class ) complex grammatical structure Terrell 1982: 121 ) all. Language as a tool for reaching the goal rather than from textbooks in messages arc necessarily grammatically structured and... For proper, meaningful language acquisition teacher as an example a possible and! Education professional with a Master of philosophy - MPhil focused in Physics from Bharathidasan..
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